The most mutually intelligible language with Turkish is Gagauz Turkic spoken in Maldova, Ukraine, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey. For both speakers the other just looks like a dialect, however due to the historical, cultural and popular influence of Turkish, even Gagauzians may sometimes think that they speak a dialect of Turkish. However, from a scientific point of view, these two linguistic entities should be considered as two close dialects of the same Turkic language, namely, Oghuz language.
Yet another highly mutually intelligible language with Turkish is Azerbaijani Turkic which is also a dialect of Oghuz. Interestingly, Azerbaijani speakers can understand Turkish as 100% while Turkish speakers could only understand as 80–90%. This is because in the last 4–5 decades, massively produced Turkish TV serials and movies have been extensively aired in Azerbaijan, which as a consequence, made new generations know or even fluently talk Turkish automatically.
The next one is Crimean Turkic which is actually not a dialect of Oghuz, but rather a dialect of West Kypchak. However, due to the high influence of Ottomans and isolation from rest of Kypchaks for at least 600 years, Crimean Turkic becomes closer to Oghuz languages, especially Turkish.
On the other hand, Turkmen language, despite being an Oghuz language, is not as mutually intelligible with Turkish as Azerbaijan, Crimean or Gagauz, due to the isolation from the rest of Oghuz dialects for 1000 years. However, in written form, it has still a significant mutual intelligibility with Turkish, especially with the local dialects of Eastern Anatolia or nomadic communities (called Yörüks) living on high altitudes of Toros mountains of south of Turkey.
Uighur and Uzbek Turkic is not considered mutually intelligible with Turkish, probably lower than %20 intelligible with them for Turkish speakers, and even lower with Turkish for them. However, while Kypchak or Sibirian Turkic languages have changed drastically in semantics of basic vocabulary, Uighur and Uzbek haven’t much. So, for an Uighur speaker, it would take a week or two to understand easily. However, it would need a few months to capture any Kypchak language.
https://www.quora.com/Are-any-Turkic-languages-mutually-intelligible-to-a-high-extent-with-Turkish
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